花些时间，较系统学习下标点符号（punctuation marks）英文怎么说。大部分标点符号在LaTeX可以直接输入，少部分需要特别的指定，做个笔记，方便日后使用。
1. Punctuation marks
1.1 标点
full stop, period . apostrophe ’ ' colon) : semicolon ; exclamation mark ! comma , ، 、 question mark ? dash ‒ – — ― ellipsis … ... . . . hyphen ‐ hyphen-minus - quotation marks ‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " " slash, stroke, solidus) / ⁄ brackets [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩
1.2 字体排版typography
ampersand & asterisk at sign @ number sign, pound, hash, octothorpe # underscore, understrike percent, per mil % ‰ vertical bar, pipe, broken bar | ‖ ¦ backslash \ numero sign № [bullet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet(typography)) • caret ^ prime ′ ″ ‴ section sign § tilde ~ ordinal indicator º ª -st, -nd, -rd, -th (*1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) dagger) † ‡ degree ° ditto mark ″ inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ plus and minus + − obelus ÷ basis point ‱ （基点的定义为百分之零点零一，0.01%) pilcrow ¶
1.3 知识产权Intellectual property
copyright © sound-recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark ℠ trademark ™
2. 容易搞混
2.1 句号与间隔号
句号full stop or period (.)
In punctuation, the full stop (in British English) or period (in American English) is the punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence). The full stop glyph is sometimes called a baseline dot because, typographically, it is a dot on the baseline). This term distinguishes the baseline dot from the interpunct (a raised dot).[1][2][3]
间隔号interpunction (·)
An interpunct ( · ), also known as an interpoint,[1] middle dot, middot, and centered dot (ukcentred dot), is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically centered dot used for interword separation in ancient Latin script.
2.2 连字号、连接号、波浪号
连字号hyphen (‐)和hyphen-minus (-)
The hyphen (‐) is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.
The hyphen-minus (-) is a character) used in digital documents and computing to represent ahyphen (‐) or a minus sign (−).
Either version may be used to denote a break in a sentence or to set off parenthetical statements – ideally with intradocument consistency. Style and usage guides vary,[1] but often in this function en dashes are used *with* spaces and em dashes are used *without* them:[2]
The en dash (but not the em dash) is also used to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may be considered to replace "and" or "to" (but not "to" in the phrase "from … to …"), for instance, (1754–1763).
The em dash (but not the en dash) is also used to set off the sources of quotes. For instance, "Seven social sins: politics without principles, wealth without work, pleasure without conscience, knowledge without character, commerce without morality, science without humanity, and worship without sacrifice." —Mahatma Gandhi
波浪号tilde (˜ or ~)
This symbol (in English) informally[4] means "approximately", such as: "~30 minutes before" meaning "approximately 30 minutes before".[5]
It can mean "similar to",[6] including "of the same order of magnitude as",[4] such as: "x ~ y" meaning that x and y are of the same order of magnitude. (the double-tilde ≈, indicates "approximately equal to")
The tilde is also used to indicate equal to, or approximately equal to by placing it over the "=" symbol, like this: ≅.
2.3 引号和同上符号
引号quotation mark
Quotation marks, also called quotes, quote marks, quotemarks, speech marks and inverted commas, are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set offdirect speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark.
In American English, double quotes are used normally (the "primary" style). If quote marks are used inside another pair of quote marks, then single quotes are used as the "secondary" style.
同上符号ditto mark（〃）
The ditto mark (″)[1] is a typographic symbol indicating that the word(s) or figure(s) above it are to be repeated. For example:
Black pens, box of twenty ..... £2.10
Blue ″ ″ ″ ″ ..... £2.35
2.4 括号
括号round brackets, square brackets, braces, inequality signs
( ) — parentheses, brackets (UK, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia), parens, round brackets, soft brackets, or circle brackets
[ ] — square brackets, closed brackets, hard brackets, crotchets,[2] or brackets (US)
{ } — braces are "two connecting marks used in printing"; and in music "to connect staves to be performed at the same time" [3](UK and US), flower brackets (India), French brackets, curly brackets, definite brackets, swirly brackets, curly braces, birdie brackets, Scottish brackets, squirrelly brackets, gullwings, seagulls, squiggly brackets, twirly brackets, Tuborg brackets (DK), accolades (NL), pointy brackets, or fancy brackets
< > — inequality signs, pointy brackets, or brackets. Sometimes referred to as angle brackets, in such cases as HTML markup. Occasionally known as broken brackets or brokets.[4]
斜线forward slash (/), backslash (\**)**
The slash (/), also known by the technical term solidus, is a sign used as a punctuation mark and for various other purposes. It is often called a forward slash, a retronym used to distinguish it from the backslash (\). It has many other names#Alternative_names).
2.5 角分号
角分号prime symbol ( ′ ), double prime symbol ( ″ ), triple prime symbol ( ‴ )
The prime symbol ( ′ ), double prime symbol ( ″ ), triple prime symbol ( ‴ ), etc., are used to designate several different units and for various other purposes in mathematics, the sciences,linguistics and music.
The prime symbol ( ′ ) is commonly used to represent feet (ft)), arcminutes (am), and minutes (min). However, for convenience, a (') (single quote mark) is commonly used.
The double prime ( ″ ) represents inches (in), arcseconds (as), and seconds (s). However, for convenience, a (") (double quote mark) is commonly used.
Thus, 3′ 5″ could mean 3 feet and 5 inches (of length) or 3 minutes and 5 seconds (of time). As an angular measurement, 3° 5′ 30″ means 3 degrees), 5 arcminutes and 30 arcseconds.
The triple prime ( ‴ ) in watchmaking represents a ligne. It is also occasionally found in 17th- and 18th-century astronomical works to denote 1⁄60 of a second of arc.[2]#cite_note-2)
2.6 撇号、尖音符、重音符
撇号apostrophe ( ’ or ' )
The apostrophe ( ’ or ' ) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet or certain other alphabets. In English, it serves three purposes:[1]
- The marking of the omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction) of do not to don't).
- The marking of possessive case (as in the eagle's feathers, or in one month's time).
- The marking by some as plural of written items that are not words established in Englishorthography (as in P's and Q's). (This is considered incorrect by others; see Use in forming certain plurals. The use of the apostrophe to form plurals of proper words, as in apple's,banana's, etc., is universally considered incorrect.)
尖音符acute accent ( ´ )
As with other diacritical marks, a number of (usually French) loanwords are sometimes spelled in English with an acute accent as used in the original language: these include attaché, blasé, canapé, cliché, communiqué, café, décor, déjà vu, détente, élite, entrée, exposé,mêlée, fiancé, fiancée, papier-mâché, passé, pâté, piqué, plié, repoussé, résumé, risqué, sauté, roué, séance, naïveté, toupée andtouché.
重音符grave accent ( ` )
The grave accent marks the stressed vowels) of words in Maltese, Catalan and Italian.
The grave accent marks the height or openness of the vowels e and o, indicating that they are pronounced open: è [ɛ] (as opposed to é[e]); ò [ɔ] (as opposed to ó [o]), in several Romance languages, such as French.
The grave accent is used in several languages to distinguish homophones, or words that otherwise would be homographs. For instance, in French, It is used on the letter u only to distinguish où ("where") and ou ("or").
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3. LaTeX输入
参考资料：
[1] Wikipedia: Punctuation, Punctuation of English